MAIN SOURCE:
Paul Hindemith, speech before his performance of Orfeo (Vienna, 3 June 1954). Appears on several recordings (ORF 2009 [YouTube]; Music & Arts / Note 1 2010 [Spotify]; Andromeda 2010). See full transcript and translation below.
EDITIONS OF MONTEVERDI'S ORFEO MENTIONED IN THE VIDEO:
First editions: Venice 1609 & 1615 [imslp]
First re-edition in modern times: ed. Robert Eitner, Die Oper von ihren ersten Anfängen bis zur Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (Brelin, 1881) [imslp]
Version by Vincent d’Indy (Paris, 1904) [Gallica]
Version Paul Hindemith (1943) [Roma]
For more information about other versions see: Nigel Fortune, ‘The rediscovery of Orfeo’, in: ed. John Whenham, Orfeo (Cambridge university press: 1986) pp. 78-118 and Appendix II, pp. 173-181.
RECORDINGS PLAYED ON THE VIDEO: (listed according to their appearance)
Claudio Monteverdi, Orfeo ("tu se morta"), in d'Indy's versions (1904), performed by Gérard Souzay, Recital No. 2 (Decca, 1950) [Discos] [YouTube]
Guillaume de Machaut, Messe De Nostre Dame (Kyrie), performed by the Taverner Choir/Andrew Parrott (EMI, 1984) [Spotify]
Guillaume de Machaut, Messe De Nostre Dame (Kyrie), performed by ensemble Organum/Marcel Perez (Harmonia Mundi, 1996) [Spotify]
Claudio Monteverdi, Orfeo, in Hindemith's version (1943), performed by Hindemith (ORF 2009; Music & Arts / Note 1 2010 [Spotify]; Andromeda 2010)
Claudio Monteverdi, Orfeo, performed by Ferrucio Calusio (Milan, 1939) [YouTube]
For a recent live performance of Profeti della Quinta (with translations into English) see here [YouTube]
FOOTNOTES
[00:21] “The fact that works by such old masters as Gesualdo, Monteverdi, Biber and Schütz have become established in present-day musical life is largely due to the efforts of Paul Hindemith. Beginning in the early 1920s, he was one of the pioneers of today’s so-called “informed performance practice”. For example, he discovered for himself the art of playing the viola d’amore, an eighteenth-century instrument that had been largely forgotten. He searched for suitable pieces in libraries and archives, transcribing them and writing out the figured bass parts in accordance with the practice of the period. During the 1930s he performed on historical instruments with his students at the Berlin Academy of Music. Medieval organa, vocal and instrumental works of the Renaissance and the early Baroque period were on the programmes of Yale University’s Collegium Musicum, which he directed until 1953.” Information from hindemith.info [link].
[01:34] For example, a reviewer from the New York Times wrote about a performance of Orfeo in New York in 1912 that is was “the most archaic music ever heard in the Metropolitan Opera House”, but that “a historical frame of mind, however, is not absolutely indispensable for obtaining enjoyment even from this music.” Quoted in Nigel Fortune, ‘The rediscovery of Orfeo’, in: ed. John Whenham, Orfeo (Cambridge university press: 1986), p. 88.
[07:16] Tim Carter, 'Singing Orfeo: on the performers of Monteverdi's first opera', in: Recercare Vol. 11 (1999) [Jstor], p. 89.
[07:20] Furthermore, for reasons unknown to me, he assigned female singers to some roles of male voices, having them be sung an octave higher (for example the first Pastore was sung by Dagmar Hermann).
[08:15] Paul Hindemith, Johann Sebastian Bach – a speech delivered on 12 September 1950 at the Bach commemoration of the city of Hamburg, Germany (New Haven, 1952), pp. 16–19.
[08:39] Frank Howes, 'Notes on Monteverde's Orfeo', in: The Musical Times, Jun. 1, 1924, Vol. 65, No. 976 [Jstor], pp. 509-511.
[09:33] Leonie Rosenstiel, Nadia Boulanger (New York and London, 1982), p. 279.
[10:39] The information about the instruments is taken from booklet of the ORF ALTE MUSIK CD publication of Hindemith’s recording (ORF CD 3086, 2009).
[11:20] Leon Chisholm, ‘The organo di legno’s timbral timber’, in: Materiality of Musical Instruments, A Virtual Exhibition, Deutsches Museum Digital 2020 [link].
[13:20] Nigel Fortune, ‘The rediscovery of Orfeo’, in: ed. John Whenham, Orfeo (Cambridge university press: 1986), p. 82.
[14:01] See for example Richard Taruskin, 'The Authenticity Movement Can Become a Positivistic Purgatory, Literalistic and Dehumanizing', in: Early Music Vol. 12, No. 1 (Feb., 1984) [Jstor], pp. 3-12.
[15:02] Daniel Leech-Wilkinson, 'What We Are Doing with Early Music Is Genuinely Authentic to Such a Small Degree That the Word Loses Most of Its Intended Meaning', in: Early Music , Feb., 1984, Vol. 12, No. 1 [Jstor], p. 14.
[17:30] In fact, the orchestra playing Orfeo with Hindemith included practically the whole - as yet anonymous - "Concentus Musicus Wien", and this performance was their unofficial debut.
[17:36] See hindemith.info [link].
APPENDIX - PAUL HINDEMITH, SPEECH BEFORE HIS PERFORMANCE OF ORFEO - 3 JUNE, VIENNA 1954
Transliterated and translated by Anne Smith and Laura Mingo PerezMeine Damen und Herren, ich möchte Ihnen in ein paar einleitenden Worten erklären, was wir heute Abend tun: Es handelt sich bei der Oper “Orfeo” um eine der allerersten Opern, die geschrieben wurden.
Die ersten Opern,- die beiden ersten Opern, muss ich sagen- erschienen in Florenz im Jahr 1600. Diese Oper “Orfeo” von Monteverdi wurde zuerst aufgeführt in Mantua im Jahr 1607!
Nun, diese Oper war nicht ganz vergessen, man hat sie vom Ende des letzten Jahrhunderts an wiederholt aufgeführt, aber diese Aufführungen waren niemals ähnlich dem Original.
Man hat diese Oper zurechtgemacht für moderne Bedingungen, hat ein modernes Orchester darunter gesetzt, hat überhaupt, um es krass auszudrücken, diese Oper verfälscht!
Wir wollen heute Abend versuchen, diese Oper unter den ursprünglichen Bedingungen wieder aufzuführen.
Natürlich, die Sänger um 1600 haben gesungen wie unsere Sänger heute auch, vielleicht stilistisch etwas verschieden, aber Soprane waren immer Soprane, Bässe waren immer Bässe, aber gänzlich anders war das Orchester um jene Zeit und in dieser Oper sind wir glücklich dran insofern als der Komponist Monteverdi in seiner Partitur vorgeschrieben hat wie er sich die Aufführung denkt, das heißt, mit welchen Instrumenten er sein Orchester besetzt haben will.
Wir haben also das Orchester genau rekonstruiert wie er es vorschreibt. Natürlich dürfen Sie kein Orchester erwarten wie wir es heute haben. Unser heutiges Orchester, wie Sie wohl alle wissen, besteht aus einer großen Gruppe von Streicher um die sich dann andere Blasgruppen und Schlagzeuggruppen gesellen.
Diese Orchester um die damalige Zeit sind ganz anders aufgebaut: Sie haben einen Grundstock aus Klavierinstrumenten: Sie sehen hier zwei Cembali, die sich hauptsächlich mit der Begleitung der Sologesänge beschäftigen. Zu diesen Cembali treten dann eine Bassgambe, wie Sie da sehen, und ein Kontrabass, auch Lauten gehören dazu und auch eine Orgel.
Wir haben eine kleine Orgel wie sie da sehen, die ist extra von Professor Mertin [*] für diesen Zweck hier gebaut worden, und sie ist eine genaue Kopie einer Orgel aus der damaligen Zeit, also wir haben alles versucht, um den Originalklang wiederherzustellen.
Dieser Originalklang ist, wie ich schon sagte, sehr verschieden von dem heutigen. Sie werden erstaunt sein, wie leise er ist und wie unemotionell, wie unbeweglich er bleibt.
Er wechselt nur durch die ständigen Farbwechsel, die wir sehen. Dass… Dadurch dass wir einmal Streichinstrumente, einmal Bläser, einmal Klavierinstrumente drin haben oder Orgel, oder wie hier, das kleine Instrument, das Sie hier sehen, das Regal, vielleicht spielen Sie gerade mal ein paar Töne um zu zeigen wie das klingt: (Regal)
Denn das ist ungefähr die Stärke der Instrumente und auch ein ganz typischer Klang aus dieser Instrumente, Sie sehen, das weicht schon sehr ab von dem, was wir heute haben.
Also, wir versuchen diesen Klang wiederherzustellen. Es wird Ihnen vielleicht in den ersten Augenblicken etwas seltsam vorkommen was wir tun, aber vergessen Sie nicht, das ist tatsächlich das was zur damaligen Zeit erklang.
Ladies and gentlemen, I would like to explain to you with a few introductory words what we are doing this evening: the opera "Orfeo" is one of the very first operas written.
The first operas - the first two operas, I must say - took place in Florence in 1600, and this opera "Orfeo" by Monteverdi was first performed in Mantua in 1607!
Now, this opera was not completely forgotten, one has performed it repeatedly since the end of the last century, but these performances were never like the original.
In the past this opera was adapted for modern conditions, a modern orchestra was placed under it, to put it bluntly, this opera has been falsified!
Tonight we want to try to perform this opera again under the original conditions.
Of course, the singers of the 1600s sang like our singers today, perhaps stylistically somewhat differently, but sopranos were always sopranos, basses were always basses, but the orchestra of that time was completely different, and in this opera we are fortunate in that the composer Monteverdi prescribed in his score how he envisaged the performance, that is, which instruments he wanted in his orchestra.
So we have reconstructed the orchestra exactly as he prescribed. Of course, you should not expect an orchestra like the one we have today. Today’s orchestra, as you all know now, consists of a large group of strings, which is then joined by other groups of winds and percussion instruments.
The orchestras around that time were structured quite differently: you have a foundation of keyboard instruments: you see here two harpsichords, which are mainly concerned with the accompaniment of the solo vocal works. These harpsichords are then joined by a bass viol, as you see there, and a double bass, lutes are also part of it and also an organ.
We have a small organ, as you see there, which was specially built here by Professor Mertin for this purpose, and it is an exact copy of an organ from that time, thus we have given our all to recreate the original sound.
This original sound is, as I said, very different from the sound of today. You will be amazed at how quiet it is and how unemotional, how static it remains.
It only changes through the constant color changes that we see. That... Because we sometimes use string instruments, sometimes wind instruments, sometimes keyboard instruments or an organ, or like here, the small instrument you see here, the regal, perhaps you can just play a few notes to show how it sounds: (Regal)
Because that is the volume of the instruments and also a very typical sound from these instruments, you see, that it is already very different from what we have today.
So, we are trying to recreate this sound. What we do may seem a little strange to you at first, but remember, this is actually the way it sounded then.
Credits:
Created by Elam Rotem, October 2022
Many thanks to Laura Mingo Perez, Anne Smith, Alon Schab and Leon Chisholm.